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| [Sister chromatids] | two exact copies of a chromosome attached together by the centromeres.
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| [Sex determining chromosome] | sex is determined at fertilization by the sex chromosome carried by the sperm (either an x chromosome or a y chromosome) that fertilizes the egg.
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| [Sex chromosome] | the chromosomes responsible for sex determination. females have two x chromosomes; males have one x and one y.
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| [Sex cells] | a germ cell or reproductive cell; sperm in males and eggs in females
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| [Ring chromosome] | this occurs as a result of the fusion of the two ends of the same chromosome; there is loss of genetic material at the ends of the chromosome prior to the fusion.
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| [Reproductive cells] | also called germ cells, the egg or sperm cells, each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes.
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| [Replication] | an identical copy of the dna.
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| [Recurrence risk] | the chances of a genetic problem occuring or reccuring in the family members.
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| [Recombination] | during meiosis homologous pairs of chromosomes may exchange genetic material: part of the maternal chromosome 'crosses over' and exchanges places with the corresponding part of the paternal chromosome. also known as crossing over.
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| [Recessive] | there are two copies of each gene. if a healthy individual has one working copy of a gene and one non-working copy, the mutation is described as being hidden or 'recessive' by the working copy of the gene. an individual with this genetic makeup is a 'carrier' of a recessive gene mutation. an individual with two non-working copies would be affected with the genetic condition.
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